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According to Christopher Freeman (2009), a scholar who devoted much time researching Schumpeter's work: 'the central point of his whole life work 1987 Article Bibliometrics Motion on manifold (2d) surface This is work by Stefan Paquay and Remy Kusters at Eindhoven University of Technololgy, The Netherlands, who developed an algorithm for performing molecular dynamics on arbitrary manifolds (2d. Joseph Schumpeter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Joseph Schumpeter. Born(1. 88. 3- 0. February 1. 88. 3Triesch, Moravia, Austria. Scherer, Christopher Freeman, Mariana Mazzucato, Edith Penrose, Jack Downie, Hyman Minsky, Paul Sweezy, Kenneth Arrow, Ronald Coase, Douglas North, Robert Solow, William Baumol, Peter Howitt, Philippe Aghion, Paul Romer, Trevor Swan, Finn E. Prescott, Ha- Joon Chang. Contributions. Business cycles. Algorithm Box C Muller ProgrammeCreative destruction. Economic development. Entrepreneurship. Evolutionary economics. Joseph Alois Schumpeter (German. He briefly served as Finance Minister of Austria in 1. In 1. 93. 2 he became a professor at Harvard University where he remained until the end of his career. One of the most influential economists of the 2. Schumpeter popularized the term . His father owned a factory, but he died when Joseph was only four years old. In 1. 90. 9, after some study trips, he became a professor of economics and government at the University of Czernowitz. In 1. 91. 1, he joined the University of Graz, where he remained until World War I. In 1. 91. 8, Schumpeter was a member of the Socialization Commission established by the Council of the People's Deputies in Germany. In March 1. 91. 9, he was invited to take office as Minister of Finance in the Republic of German- Austria. He proposed a capital levy as a way to tackle the war debt and opposed the socialization of the Alpine Mountain plant. He was also a board member at the Kaufmann Bank. Problems at those banks left Schumpeter in debt. His resignation was a condition of the takeover of the Biedermann Bank in September 1. He lectured at Harvard in 1. In 1. 93. 1, he was a visiting professor at The Tokyo College of Commerce. In 1. 93. 2, Schumpeter moved to the United States, and soon began what would become extensive efforts to help central European economist colleagues displaced by Nazism. In the beginning of World War II, the FBI investigated him and his wife (a prominent scholar of Japanese economics) for pro- Nazi leanings, but found no evidence of Nazi sympathies. He became known for his heavy teaching load and his personal and painstaking interest in his students. He served as the faculty advisor of the Graduate Economics Club and organized private seminars and discussion groups. However, the Schumpeters persevered, and in 1. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, reprinted many times and in many languages in the following decades, as well as cited thousands of times. He said he had reached two of his goals, but he never said which two. His best man at his wedding was his friend and Austrian jurist Hans Kelsen. His second was Anna Reisinger, 2. As a divorced man, he and his bride converted to Lutheranism in order to marry. The loss of his wife and newborn son came only weeks after Schumpeter's mother had died. In 1. 93. 7, Schumpeter married the American economic historian Elizabeth Boody, who helped him popularize his work and edited what became their magnum opus, the posthumously published History of Economic Analysis. Although his writings could be critical of the School, Schumpeter's work on the role of innovation and entrepreneurship can be seen as a continuation of ideas originated by the Historical School, especially the work of Gustav von Schmoller and Werner Sombart. For instance, Schumpeter thought that the greatest 1. Turgot, not Adam Smith, as many consider, and he considered L. Then they could argue that one caused the other in a simple monotonic fashion. This led to the belief that one could easily deduce policy conclusions directly from a highly abstract theoretical model. In this book, Joseph Schumpeter recognized the implication of a gold monetary standard compared to a fiat monetary standard. In History of Economic Analysis, Schumpeter stated the following: . It links every nation's money rates and price levels with the money- rates and price levels of all the other nations that are 'on gold.' However, gold is extremely sensitive to government expenditure and even to attitudes or policies that do not involve expenditure directly, for example, to foreign policy, to certain policies of taxation, and, in general, to precisely all those policies that violate the principles of . This is the reason why gold is so unpopular now and also why it was so popular in a bourgeois era. Following neither Walras nor Keynes, Schumpeter starts in The Theory of Economic Development. The stationary state is, according to Schumpeter, described by Walrasian equilibrium. The hero of his story is the entrepreneur. The entrepreneur disturbs this equilibrium and is the prime cause of economic development, which proceeds in cyclic fashion along several time scales. In fashioning this theory connecting innovations, cycles, and development, Schumpeter kept alive the Russian Nikolai Kondratiev's ideas on 5. Kondratiev waves. Schumpeter suggested a model in which the four main cycles, Kondratiev (5. Kuznets (1. 8 years), Juglar (9 years) and Kitchin (about 4 years) can be added together to form a composite waveform. Actually there was considerable professional rivalry between Schumpeter and Kuznets. The wave form suggested here did not include the Kuznets Cycle simply because Schumpeter did not recognize it as a valid cycle. A Kondratiev wave could consist of three lower degree Kuznets waves. Similarly two (or three) Kitchin waves could form a higher degree Juglar wave. If each of these were in phase, more importantly if the downward arc of each was simultaneous so that the nadir of each was coincident it would explain disastrous slumps and consequent depressions. As far as the segmentation of the Kondratiev Wave, Schumpeter never proposed such a fixed model. He saw these cycles varying in time . Schumpeter also thought that the institution enabling the entrepreneur to buy the resources needed to realize his or her vision was a well- developed capitalist financial system, including a whole range of institutions for granting credit. One could divide economists among (1) those who emphasized . Both Schumpeter and Keynes were among the latter. While he agrees with Karl Marx that capitalism will collapse and be replaced by socialism, Schumpeter predicts a different way this will come about. While Marx predicted that capitalism would be overthrown by a violent proletarian revolution, which actually occurred in the least capitalist countries, Schumpeter believed that capitalism would gradually weaken by itself and eventually collapse. Specifically, the success of capitalism would lead to corporatism and to values hostile to capitalism, especially among intellectuals. Intellectuals tend to have a negative outlook of capitalism, even while relying on it for prestige, because their professions rely on antagonism toward it. The growing number of people with higher education is a great advantage of capitalism, according to Schumpeter. Yet, unemployment and a lack of fulfilling work will cause intellectual critique, discontent and protests. Parliaments will increasingly elect social democratic parties, and democratic majorities will vote for restrictions on entrepreneurship. Increasing workers' self- management, industrial democracy and regulatory institutions would evolve non- politically into . Thus, the intellectual and social climate needed for thriving entrepreneurship will be replaced by some form of . He disputed the idea that democracy was a process by which the electorate identified the common good, and politicians carried this out for them. He argued this was unrealistic, and that people's ignorance and superficiality meant that in fact they were largely manipulated by politicians, who set the agenda. This made a 'rule by the people' concept both unlikely and undesirable. Instead he advocated a minimalist model, much influenced by Max Weber, whereby democracy is the mechanism for competition between leaders, much like a market structure. Although periodic votes by the general public legitimize governments and keep them accountable, the policy program is very much seen as their own and not that of the people, and the participatory role for individuals is usually severely limited. Entrepreneurship. His fundamental theories are often referred to as Mark I and Mark II. In the first, Schumpeter argued that the innovation and technological change of a nation come from the entrepreneurs, or wild spirits. He coined the word Unternehmergeist, German for . Many social economists and popular authors of the day argued that large businesses had a negative effect on the standard of living of ordinary people. Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Schumpeter argued that the agents that drive innovation and the economy are large companies which have the capital to invest in research and development of new products and services and to deliver them to customers cheaper, thus raising their standard of living. In one of his seminal works, . His treatise on business cycles developed were based on Kondratiev's ideas which attributed the causes very differently. Schumpeter's treatise brought Kondratiev's ideas to the attention of English- speaking economists. Kondratiev fused important elements that Schumpeter missed. Yet, the Schumpeterian variant of long- cycles hypothesis, stressing the initiating role of innovations, commands the widest attention today. Fluctuations in innovation cause fluctuation in investment and those cause cycles in economic growth. Schumpeter sees innovations as clustering around certain points in time periods that he refers to as . These clusters lead to long cycles by generating periods of acceleration in aggregate growth. The process of technological innovation involves extremely complex relations among a set of key variables: inventions, innovations, diffusion paths and investment activities. The impact of technological innovation on aggregate output is mediated through a succession of relationships that have yet to be explored systematically in the context of long wave.
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